Water Pollution Essays (479 words) - Ocean Pollution,

Water Pollution The earth is facing a lot of environmental problems today, these problems are caused by humans. In the search for the technology, humans begin to improve their lives without giving attention to what this development has caused to the other types of life on the face of the earth. All aspects of life on the earth have been affected, as well as the sources of water. Sea and river pollution is one of the problems that resulted from the new technology, and humans should solve very fast to save our planet. Water is one of the most important sources of life in the earth a lot of animals live in seas, rivers and lakes. In addition water in also important for humans, not just for drinking, seas are one of our main sources of food today, for example fish. Sea pollution has become one of the biggest problems facing our environment. This pollution which is caused by the oil tankers or the oil spills could cause serious damage to the lives of many kinds of creatures that live in the sea. People were happy when the oil was first discovered. For them it was a new source of energy that would help to made life a lot easier, no one ever thought that oil could cause so much damage, but it became clear when oil tankers began to dump oil in to the sea. The oil which was dumped into the sea for different reasons, could case a lot of damage to the life in that sea, for example a thick spot of oil could cover the surface of the sea and causes screening of the sun rays from the sea. That screening can case the death of many of the sea creatures, because most of the sea creatures depend on the sun for their lives. A lot of beaches are destroyed because of the oil spots, too. The oil spot finally ends up on the beach. A lot of birds that live on the beach will face death because they lost their source of food. People will be affected too. A lot of fish will die so there will be no fishing. In some countries where they depend on sea water for drinking, they are going to have problems purifying. Rivers were facing the same problem too. The chemicals that have been used in manufacturing should not be dumped in lakes or rivers, because of the animals that live in these rivers and lakes. In some countries they polluted some of their big lakes because of the big factories that were built beside them in order to throw the waste of chemicals on these lakes, and the result was big loss of natural life. However, it is a big problem, we still can not stop it from happening, but we can reduce it by enforcing stronger laws to stop these oil tankers and these factories from dumping oil and waste-water in to the seas and rivers. Our environment is important to us, so we should take care of it.

Post Lab Questions Essay Example

Post Lab Questions Essay Example Post Lab Questions Essay Post Lab Questions Essay 1. Describe a polymer in your words.A substance which has a molecular structure that is primarily made up of many similar repeating units known as monomers that are bound together. 2. As the number of initiators increase, what happens to the length of the chains?The length of the chains increases. Polymerization begins at initiation, and only two molecules are involved in the chain reaction; monomers and initiator molecules. An increase in the number of initiators leads to more activated monomers that can polymerize hence resulting in an increase in the length of the monomers. 3. Predict how the strength and flexibility of the polymers change as the number of cross-linkers increases. 4. A branched polymer is formed when one chain is attached to the body of another chain. A branched polymer resembles the branches of a tree. Rebuild a structure and insert a picture here, so that is shows branching. Structure of low-density polyethylene 5. What did you have to do with one of the terminal ends to create the branching requested for your polymer?The introduction of branching required replacement of a substituent such as a hydrogen atom on one of the monomer subunit with a covalently bound chain of the polymers. 6. Below is the structure of the monomer ethylene chloride, the building block of polyvinyl chloride, PVC. Draw a five repeating unit of the polymer. (You will need to draw this by hand and then insert a picture of your work here.) 7. Below is a picture of the polymer known as polyethylene: What does its monomer look like? Draw its structure here: (You will need to draw this by hand and then insert a picture of your work here.) Summary ParagraphPolymers are a unique molecular structure made up of repeating monomers units. Synthesis of polymers takes place in three reactions: initiation reaction, propagation reaction and termination reaction. It requires different molecules such as the monomers to be covalently bound and the initiator molecules. The length of the polymers increases with the number of monomers and initiator molecules. Crosslinking is essential for increasing the strength of polymers however it reduces their flexibility. Branching in polymers occurs through substitution of substituent molecule with a chain of the polymer at one of the carbons of the polymers.

Guide to Writing a Dialogue in an Essay

Guide to Writing a Dialogue in an Essay Composing a dialogue is one of the most intricate parts of essay writing. Many students instantly realize that crafting a good dialogue within the context of a story takes a lot of time and requires more work that simply describing the events. And thats not surprising as a dialogue should not simply present the direct quotations from different characters but bring the story to life. If you are unsure about how to use dialogue in your essay, read on. Lets figure out the main rules and standards together! Moving the Story Forward The main role of a dialogue is to help the story move forward by presenting conversations and thoughts. You can use a dialogue to speed up the pace of your essay if you feel that the narration slows it down or you can use it as a break between the long and overwhelming paragraphs. When writing conversations, you need to remember a few important things: Dialogues move the action, set the scene, explain the descriptions and predict the reactions and activities. They can do all these things at once, so dont use the conversations to just convey the information. Remind yourself of the characters voice to write a dialogue that sounds like a real speech. You may even use some grammatical mistakes to show the realistic conversation but make sure that you keep the balance between the actual talk and readability. Always use the speech as a characterization tool. From your words, a reader should understand a lot about the character: morality, background, appearance, etc. To advance the story, your dialogues should sound natural, not forced, and clear. At the same time, the conversations have to convey the characters emotions and show the reader how they interact with each other. Using Thoughts in Dialogue Using thoughts and memories in the conversation can also show the important details of your story. This indirect dialogue is another way to change ideas without the quotations. You may also use a combination of direct and indirect dialogue for emphasis. It looks like this: Billy and I moved on to the next painting.â€Å"That’s the ugliest thing I’ve ever seen.† He curled his lip in disgust. Well, I thought he was the ugliest thing I’d ever seen, and told him so.â€Å"And also, you stink. But most of all, your taste in art stinks.† To reveal emotions and thoughts, you need to use the sensory details: tasting, smelling, hearing, seeing. Try to show what is going on, dont tell. Thus, your essay will be more realistic and engaging for your reader. Formatting Your Dialogue The right format and style are key to the successful dialogue. Correct punctuation, tags and paragraphs are even more significant than the quotations themselves. Without following the main rules, it would be hopelessly confusing to understand who is speaking. Therefore, make sure that you format your dialogue accordingly. Rule 1: Punctuation goes inside quotations. â€Å"Ill call you tomorrow!† Anna screamed. Make sure to use two quotation marks for speech and one mark for speech within the speech. Even such a small thing as using the quotation marks can poorly reflect on your essay. Rule 2: A new speaker – a new line. If you have several characters in your essay, its important to know who is speaking. With the line break, your reader wont be confused. â€Å"I wish I could fly,† John said longingly.â€Å"Why don’t you grow wings, then?† Sarah snapped back. If there is the action connected with a character, describe it in the same paragraph, then start a new line. Rule 3: Break up dialogue in two parts. Its annoying to wait until the end of a speech to put a dialogue tag because it is unclear for a long time who is speaking. Thats why is it better to write the first thought, place a comma and tag, and then continue the dialogue. â€Å"I can’t believe I failed the exam,† said Ben. â€Å"I studied and studied, but somehow I choked and left most of it blank.† As you see, all dialogues follow a simple guideline. Keep the main rules in mind and start writing a dialogue to convey your message!

Principal Leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Principal Leadership Development - Essay Example It is important for a leader to not only motivate others, but he needs to lead from the front so that his activities and his personality also encourage every group member to work harder (Higgins, and Duxbury, 2005). There has been a misconception that management and leadership are synonymous however it is wrong. Thus it would not be wrong to say that a manager is different from a leader in a number of ways (Goffee, and Jones, 2005). The responsibilities of a manager are different from the leader as the manager needs to deal with the complications and complexities and make sure that the strategies that have been formulated by the leader and implemented in the right manner. The other responsibilities of a manager include the activities of coordinating and staffing and last but not the least handling the everyday operations of the firm (Kellerman, 2004). For an organization, both these individuals are utterly important if were to operate optimally. Today when the world is growing at a v ery rapid pace, organizations need the services of both; leader as well as managers (Musselwhite, 2006). A leader is need to challenge the status quo inspire his surrounding environment to undergo the laborious process of change, and last but not the least go on to accomplish the goals which the leader has set out to accomplish through his vision (Kaplan, 2006). To complement the role played by a leader, a manager is required who could formulate a detail plan, create efficient organizational structure and oversee day-to-day operations of the organization (McCrimmon, 2010). role I would like to hold within next few years In light of the above mentioned background, I believe I have in me leadership qualities which I would like to use when given a chance by my practical life. In this regard, the position that I would like to have in the next five years is that of a technical engineer. This position should farther make way for the position of a Manager and leading a team of engineers in the following next two to three years. I would like to occupy these positions an organization that offers something related to my engineers. Right now I am employed as a Superintendent Survey however my role as a Technical engineer would entail searching for strong and profitable business models and assess their future environment and at the same time make sure that things are done in the right manner. After learning the art and science of technical knowledge and how things are done, I would make come up with a proposal for changes in how things are done for the senior advisors of the firm so that they could deliberate over my proposal. If they find my analysis as a worth pursuing opportunity, then they can pass my proposal along with their recommendations to the top management or board of the firm so that they could take the final decision. In the position of technical engineer, as mentioned above, my job would not only be to do the work or things that are assigned but come up wit h changes for the organization and for that I would make a proposal. This proposal needs to be as informative as it can so that the senior management and advisors can use the information contained in the proposal to conduct appropriate analysis. This proposal should contain all the information that would be used by the senior advisors to build appropriate models with regards to the future earning prospects of the

Global Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Global Financial Markets - Essay Example Low inflation is a positive scenario as it enables a country to maintain a stable economy and keep the value of local currency money. For example, if a Central Bank wants to attain and keep exchange rate stability and stem capital outflow, the bank must implement a high interest rate policy such as increasing call market rates to a range of 20 to 30% from a regular level of 10% in most cases. A stable foreign exchange rate will prevent a deep contraction of domestic economic activity. The Central Bank can also encourage an expansion of bank lending to small and medium enterprises by expanding its credit facility to support local enterprises. By achieving its primordial goals of stablility and efficiency in the monetary and financial frameworks, the Central Bank makes its very important contribution to the growth of the local economy. The Central Bank sets a base rate at which it transacts with other financial institutions. This interest rate then impacts on an array of interest rates set by commercial banks and building societies for their clients consisting of both borrowers and lenders. It also affects the price of financial assets including bonds and shares. The policy of decreasing or raising interest rates influences the level of spending in the economy. For instance, lower interest rates makes saving less attractive and borrowing more attractive. Lower interest rates can affect the consumers' and the firms' cash-flow. For example, a steep drop in interest rates reduces the income from savings and the interest payments due on loans. Borrowers also spend more of any extra money they have. The final effect of lower interest rates is to encourage higher spending in aggregate.Lower interest rates can boost the prices of other assets such as houses. Higher house prices permit the home owners to extend their mort gages to finance higher consumption. Higher share prices increase the households' wealth also. In addition, the main macroeconomic objectives of long-term growth and employment are achieved by monetary authorities through the judicious application of the appropriate monetary policy. Over the years, monetary authorities are focused on price stability by setting numerical targets for inflation over specific periods.As a strategic move to set the base rates, the monetary authorities make a series of choices regarding the information used as the basis for short-term and longer-term monetary policy adjustments by giving weight and specific roles to crucial economic variables. This information is applied in setting the base rate for interest rates, the prevailing foreign exchange rate regime, the intermediate money supply targets, the preferred forecasting mechanisms and the prevailing indices of the prevailing conditions in the monetary sphere. Individual country assessments on the base rate vary in most respects. The financial variables which exert an important role at the strate gic level include important targets such as money, credit and asset prices.The main operating procedures which relate to the tactical level of policy implementation encompass the choice both of instruments and of operating objectives. The central bankers use major policy instruments such as official interest rates, market operations such as repurchase tenders, reserve requirements and specific direct controls like ceilings on loans and ceilings on bank deposits

Adn vs. Bsn Essay Example for Free

Adn vs. Bsn Essay The nursing profession continues to argue whether a nurse who holds a BSN is desirable to the Associates-Degree-prepared nurse. This has been a topic of debate since 1965, when the American Nurses Association published an opinion paper advocating for the baccalaureate degree to be the minimal standard for entry-level nurses. While some say that the level of education isn’t relevant once you orient a nurse to a certain setting, others disagree and assert that the baccalaureate degree prepared nurses demonstrate higher levels of skill in communication, delegation, assessment, teaching and supervision. Most agree, however, that each degree program provides a different level of preparation and competencies for the graduating nurse. The focus of ADN programs has been to prepare the nurse with considerable clinical experience and technical nursing skills needed to provide patient care at the bedside, while the BSN program concentrates on evidence-based practice, research, leadership skills and communication. An additional difference is the target client. Associate-degree graduates are prepared to meet the needs of the patient. The baccalaureate graduate’s scope is widened to include the family and interdisciplinary groups. According to a study done in 1988 by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, nursing competencies across the spectrum of nursing education, â€Å"varied in complexity, depth, and breadth. †(Poster, 2006) Entry-level competencies were evaluated on three categories: provider of care, coordinator of care, and member of a profession. There was virtually no difference noted in the provider of care category other than the use of an evidence-based analytical approach by the baccalaureate-prepared nurse, as opposed to a critical thinking approach to decision making by the associate-degree-prepared nurse. In the category of coordinator of care, the major contrast was between how the advanced-degree-prepared the nurse to act as more of a facilitator of care between multiple factions of the healthcare team. As a member of a profession, the BSN nurse acted as a leader rather than in the participant role of the ADN nurse. Where the major differences occurred was in the â€Å"knowledge required for achievement of competency. †(Poster, 2006) The diploma prepared nurse bases her plan of care on the nursing diagnosis. The advanced-degree nurse’s basis for developing the plan of care uses â€Å"evidence-based and theoretical analysis of available data. †(Poster, 2006) An example of this difference might be in the care of patient who has a chronic condition, such as congestive heart failure. This patient undoubtedly is seen multiple times in the course of a year for symptoms pertaining to his health condition. Nurse A, with the associate’s degree, does a good job of taking care of the patient. She sees to it that he gets all of his medications in a timely fashion, and that he completes all of his scheduled tests; that his basic needs are met. Her plan of care would include all of the interventions to reflect such care. She would weigh him daily, make sure his meals followed the proper diet, and etc. Nurse B, with the BSN, also provides the afore-mentioned care. However, in addition, she may look at why this patient has frequently been admitted to her floor. She would perhaps investigate whether the same symptoms precipitated his decline and question the patient as to whether he is weighing himself daily, what types of food he is eating at home, and whether he has been taking his medications on a routine basis. She might find that he doesn’t have a scale at home, does not have access to his medications all of the time, or is simply non-compliant. Her plan of care may include a social worker and case management are more involved in his discharge planning to insure that the patient has the equipment and resources required to manage is illness at home. Nurse B might also collaborate with the patient to develop a plan he can agree to follow and provide a list of community resources that are available. Both Nurse A and Nurse B have seen to it that the patient got what he needed during his hospital visit. The healthcare industry is changing rapidly. The life expectancy of the average patient has extended due to the increase in technological advances and life-saving measures and requires that professional nurses have the ability to mange these complex patients. The baccalaureate-degree program provides an opportunity to build on the communication, problem-solving and decision-making skills taught in the ADN program to facilitate better patient care. Whether it be a an associate-degree-prepared nurse or one holding an advanced degree, one thing I am sure we can all agree upon is that better educated nurses will better serve the profession as a whole.

A Life In The Day Of Me :: Papers

A Life In The Day Of Me My mother knocks. The door opens. Bright light blasts into my consciousness; I cannot see. I leap out of bed to reduce the longing to return and the cold hits me like a slap. As you can probably tell, I am not a morning person - I never have been. I have learnt to hate them over the years. We have never had heating on until Mid-November because my parents insist that they can't afford to heat the whole house. This makes mornings a nightmare! Once I'm up, I can just about manage. I dress and eat breakfast to music. Music is a significant thing for me. My parents used to be in a band together and my mother is still trying to get a record-deal. She always likes to think of herself as a young and trendy mum. She is really into the house and garage music scene, but meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I'm a different story. Everyone in my family has opposite views on music. My mother and one of my little sisters, Heidi, like pop and garage music. My father, my youngest sister, and I like rock and Heavy Metal. This causes terrible arguments over what to listen to in the car or whilst eating dinner. However, the one band that we all agree on is Nirvana. I am a massive fan of Nirvana and have flags and posters of them all over my room. This is why I listen to Nirvana in the mornings - because nobody minds. By the time I get to school, I am (almost) fully awake. I have to walk to the station and get the train to school so I arrive at school feeling like I've been up for ages. Once I get my brain in gear it doesn't slow down. I constantly think - about everything! I occasionally come out with a random comment, completely off the subject because I've been thinking about it while everyone else is speaking. People have therefore got the impression that I'm slightly mindless because I never know what people are talking about.

Recrutiment Process at Infosys Essay

Infosys Technologies has got the most structured recruitment process among all IT companies in India. First of all, they do not have any distinction between any branches of Engg. Whatever be the branch, you can sit up for the selection process if you qualify their other eligibility criteria like marks and time gap. i. e Once you had appeared for any test at Infosys, you will have to wait for 9 months until you appear for any of their recruitment process. For Off-campus, send in your resumes to the mail-Id mentioned and you are sure to get a call letter if you meet their academic criteria. Hence once you send the resume, start preparing for the exam, because you are sure to get a call. You may get call through e-mail invitation and further the admit card will be send to your postal address through courier/post. Latest selection process. ( As on March 2006) The duration of the selection process is 2. hrs which includes filling in an application form, an Aptitude Test (Analytical Thinking and Arithmetic Reasoning) and a test of Communicative English Language. The duration of the tests alone will be 90 minutes. The Aptitude Test will be generally of Puzzles type and the no. of questions will vary between 9 -15. The best way to practice for the tests is to go through the previous question papers at Freshersworld. com or refer books like Sakuntala Devi or George Summers. Go through the Maximum No. of previous question papers and prepare well for the puzzles.

Birth of the Republic

The birth of the United States is one of the turning points of history of humans. It enabled the New World to come full circle and make the perilous transition from the Old World to the New. The American Revolution also defined the role that Great Britain was to play in the world. With the breaking away of the American colonies, a new nation was born that would supersede the power and influence of the United Kingdom. Edmund S. Morgan provides a summary of the American Revolution and recounts how the Republic was born and struggled to create its own mark in history.Morgan managed to trace the historical developments in the original thirteen colonies in America and the issues that led them to push and fight for independence. At first, the major issue was taxation by the British government. However, as they went on with the struggle, the Americans started defining themselves as a nation and affirmed their freedom as a people independent from Great Britain. These ideas did not arise beca use of amazing political theory that the Americans in the colonies formulated. Rather, they arose out of the experiences and the needs of the people in the colonies. The American Push for IndependenceAccording to Morgan, the people who went to the colonies understood themselves to be free â€Å"Englishmen† who were entitled to the usual rights and privileges ascribed to Englishmen, particularly their right to liberty and freedom. As such, it came as a surprise to those in the colonies when Sugar and Stamp Acts of 1764-1765 demanded that extra tax be taken away from the colonies. As a response, the colony settlers demanded that they be directly represented to the British government. This was but the first of a series of demands that led the colonial settlers to redefine and rethink the nature of their relationship with Britain.It is important to note that the colonial settlers did not truly wage the Revolution because of nationalistic impulses or because of too lofty ideals. W hat they wanted was to have equal rights of liberty and representation enjoyed by Englishmen whether they are in England or not. Because the colonial settlers could not accept the idea of being represented virtually, they rejected the taxation system being imposed upon them. More than that, the settlers also began to question the jurisdiction of the British Parliament over them.The process of establishing a central government among the colonies was full of difficulties and challenges, which were confounded by the war against Britain. Even if the colonies managed to defeat the British, the colonies recognized the need to band together and form a government that can look after the colonies. Four years after signing the Peace Treaty, the colonies called for a Constitutional Convention in 1787. The process was far from smooth. What happened was that the process tended to be more controversial than the act of declaring freedom from Great Britain.Several issues that arose included the siz e of the states and the differences among them. Surprisingly, however, the equality of states in representation to the Senate was prioritized over the equality of men. The reality of slavery also became a contentious issue among the States. Ironically, a slave was considered as three-fifths the worth of a free man when it came to representation. This was a compromise so that slaves could not longer be imported after 1808. Private property was also protected. The idealism of the Declaration of Independence did not resound very loudly in the Constitution.Such was the case of compromises and political situation during the Birth of the United States. Morgan managed to highlight the different motives of the leaders of the Revolution throughout the process—from the first time that the issue of taxation arose, down to the actual revolution, and the writing of the articles and the Constitution. This whole process occurred within twenty-five years. Morgan also looked into the leaders of the Revolution and conceded that they were not always acting based on good motives and an appeal to idealism. They also worked for economic gain and they managed to include provisions that protected their properties.During that period, the ownership of land was the foremost indicator of wealth. However, these acts do not mean that they are no less committed to the ideals of liberty. The compromises made by the colonies among themselves, particularly the issue of slavery, was but part of the issues that were not smoothed out because the Constitution had to be put in place if the young nation were to stand on its own against the might of the stronger nations during that period. Conclusion Although the war during the American Revolution is interesting, Morgan did not devote a lot of pages in discussing it.Rather, he explained the broader issues and forces at work in the birth of the United States of America. More than just the dynamics of the war, the author traced the ideals, the i deas, and the issues that bonded together the colonies and their efforts in consolidating themselves into one nation. Furthermore, the author included the texts of important documents that have shaped the American nation since its inception. It is an amazing piece of work documenting the nation’s history. Reference Morgan, E. S. (1993). The Birth of the Republic: 1763-89. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press.

Biosafety Protocol essays

Biosafety Protocol essays Thesis statement: An international biosafety protocol should be created to establish and maintain control over the products designed I. The existing laws and regulations that govern the release of transgenic organisms are inadequate or nonexistent. A. The developed nations of the world are using regulations that were designed to control and monitor crops created with traditional B. Biotechnology is regulated by three different agencies. C. The undeveloped nations have virtually no regulations governing 1. This indicates that biotechnological research can and is being conducted in these countries without regulation. 2. There are many biotech companies based in developed countries that have branches or joint ventures around the world. II. The potential risks of transgenic organisms to the environment is A. Some experts warn that there is a danger that biotechnology can B. Biotechnology has the potential to harm the economies of some C. The last and possible the most important argument for an international biosafety protocol is in the name of ignorance and caution III. The United States, Germany, Japan, and Australia are the only countries opposed to the biosafety protocol. IV. The need for a change in the world of agriculture is undeniable. As the world moves closer to the 21st century, research and development in the area of biotechnology has increased dramatically. According to Bette Hileman of Chemical and Engineering News, the world population will increase by 3 billion people in the next thirty years while the amount of land available for agriculture cannot be greatly expanded. "Biotechnology - specifically that aspect involved in transferring genes from one species into the [DNA] of another - has the potential to alleviate . . ." (8) this and many other problems facing the world in the near future. Even though biotechnology has already shown dramatic r...

Discover the Lithosphere in Plate Tectonics

Discover the Lithosphere in Plate Tectonics In the field of geology, what is the lithosphere? The lithosphere is the brittle outer layer of the solid Earth. The plates of plate tectonics are segments of the lithosphere. Its top is easy to see its at the Earths surface but the base of the lithosphere is in a transition, which is an active area of research. Flexing the Lithosphere The lithosphere is not totally rigid, but slightly elastic. It flexes when loads are placed on it or removed from it. Ice-age glaciers are one type of load. In Antarctica, for example, the thick ice cap has pushed the lithosphere well below sea level today. In Canada and Scandinavia, the lithosphere is still unflexing where the glaciers melted about 10,000 years ago. Here are some other types of loading: Construction of volcanoesDeposition of sedimentRise in sea levelFormation of large lakes and reservoirs Here are other examples of unloading: Erosion of mountainsExcavation of canyons and valleysDrying up of large water bodiesLowering of sea level The flexing of the lithosphere from these causes is relatively small (usually much less than a kilometer [km]), but measurable. We can model the lithosphere using simple engineering physics, as if it were a metal beam, and get an idea of its thickness. (This was first done in the early 1900s.) We can also study the behavior of seismic waves and place the base of the lithosphere at depths where these waves begin to slow down, indicating softer rock. These models suggest that the lithosphere ranges from less than 20 kilometers  in thickness near the mid-ocean ridges to about 50 km in old oceanic regions. Under the continents, the lithosphere is thicker ... from around 100 to as much as 350 km. These same studies show that underneath the lithosphere is a hotter, softer layer of solid rock named the asthenosphere. The rock of the asthenosphere is viscous rather than rigid and deforms slowly under stress, like putty. Therefore the lithosphere can move across or through the asthenosphere under the forces of plate tectonics. This also means that earthquake faults are cracks that extend through the lithosphere, but not beyond it.   Lithosphere Structure The lithosphere includes the crust (the rocks of the continents and the ocean floor) and the uppermost part of the mantle beneath the crust. These two layers are different in mineralogy but very similar mechanically. For the most part, they act as one plate. Although many people refer to crustal plates, its more accurate to call them lithospheric plates. It appears that the lithosphere ends where the temperature reaches a certain level that causes average mantle rock (peridotite) to grow too soft. But there are many complications and assumptions involved, and we can only say that the temperature would be from about 600 C to 1,200 C. A lot depends on pressure as well as temperature, and the rocks vary in composition due to plate-tectonic mixing. Its probably best not to expect a definitive boundary. Researchers often specify a thermal, mechanical or chemical lithosphere in their papers. The oceanic lithosphere is very thin at the spreading centers where it forms, but it grows thicker with time. As it cools, more hot rock from the asthenosphere freezes onto its underside. Over the course of about 10 million years, the oceanic lithosphere becomes denser than the asthenosphere beneath it. Therefore, most of the oceanic plates are ready for subduction whenever it happens. Bending and Breaking the Lithosphere The forces that bend and break the lithosphere come mostly from plate tectonics. Where plates collide, the lithosphere on one plate sinks down into the hot mantle. In that process of subduction, the plate bends downward as much as 90 degrees. As it bends and sinks, the subducting lithosphere cracks extensively, triggering earthquakes in the descending rock slab. In some cases (such as in northern California) the subducted part can break off completely, sinking into the deep Earth as the plates above it change their orientation. Even at great depths, subducted lithosphere can be brittle for millions of years, as long as it is relatively cool. The continental lithosphere can split, with the bottom part breaking off and sinking. This process is called delamination. The crustal part of the continental lithosphere is always less dense than the mantle part, which in turn is denser than the asthenosphere beneath. Gravity or drag forces from the asthenosphere can pull the crustal and mantle layers apart. Delamination allows the hot mantle to rise and yield melt underneath parts of a continent, causing widespread uplift and volcanism. Places like Californias Sierra Nevada, eastern Turkey and parts of China are being studied with delamination in mind.

Nutrition Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nutrition Questions - Essay Example ure of the nutrient breakdown often results in a lack of energy, excessive sleepiness, or similar problems that would otherwise act to counter weight loss gains. As a result of these limitations one’s overall perception of fad diets and drugs is highly suspicious. Adolescence has been defined as a developmental stage distinguishing childhood from adulthood. While the age of 18 is the legal definition of adulthood, the actual developmental transition is determined by psychological and physiological factors. One of the predominant developmental stages associated with adolescence is puberty. As adolescence is a pivotal developmental stage there are a number of nutrition-related problems associated with it. One of the most prominent nutrition-related problems of adolescence is that of malnutrition, particularly its effect on weight gain. While the high numbers of adolescents that are overweight is in great part due to a lack of exercise, a nearly equal problem is overeating, or eating the wrong foods. Another issue is that of under nutrition. Particularly in the cases of anorexia, adolescents are particularly apt to these as they face the challenges of the teenage years. As this is a critical growth period proper nutrition is important as it has been shown to affect health in later life. Specific health problems from poor adolescent nutrition include osteoporosis, heart disease, and diabetes. Other potential problems related to nutrition include stomach and kidney pains brought on by bulimia that, like anorexia, is another frequent disorder related to the adolescent development stage. In addition to these noted nutrition-related problems adolescents in this development stage are susceptible to many of the same nutrition related problems of regular adults; over consumption of daily vitamins can cause a series of health related problems. Ultimately, because of these issues it’s highly important for adolescents to pay particular attention to their nutrition and